Distribution and microhabitat use of naturalised Common Chameleons, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758), in Malta

Abstract

The Common Chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, was introduced to Malta in the mid-19th century and is now fully naturalised, yet detailed ecological information for the Maltese archipelago remains very limited. This study provides the first integrated assessment of its spatial and seasonal distribution, microhabitat use, and age-related patterns of variation using systematic field surveys across 13 sites. Abundance varied markedly among regions, with northern sites supporting the highest densities, likely reflecting greater availability of semi-natural and suburban vegetation. Seasonal differences in abundance were minimal, although winter surveys indicated reduced detectability. Chameleons showed strong associations with coniferous vegetation and mid-height perches (101–300 cm), with seasonal shifts consistent with thermoregulatory demands. Ontogenetic patterns indicated partial niche partitioning, with smaller individuals occupying lower and occasional peripheral branches, while larger individuals used higher and more central positions. Overall, the species’ adaptability to fragmented landscapes and human-modified habitats explains its successful establishment in Malta, while emphasising the importance of maintaining tree-rich green spaces for long-term population persistence.